Spring Hill, USA - China is a country where foreign missionaries have been unwelcome - and often unsafe - since the Communists took power in 1949.
But a local church group has turned that tradition on its head this fall, sending a delegation to openly build churches in a nation where Christians have often been imprisoned or harassed for practicing their faith.
Pastor James Hensel of the Christian Life Assembly of God said his missionary group - which included his wife, Fran, daughter Christa, son Jonathan, and members of theirs and several other Florida congregations - encountered no problems during the September trip.
"It was amazing to me, the personal spiritual liberty and freedom I felt," Hensel said recently. "The individuals we were with in China were individuals of real prayer."
Their church has been at the forefront of a bold effort by Pentecostal churches in Southwest Florida to test new Chinese laws on religious freedom.
The Florida congregations have raised around $1.5 million to build 150 churches and train pastors in mainland China, a place where the unauthorized practice of Christianity, whether by foreigners or locals, can result in a jail sentence.
Government approval
Church officials said the effort has received the official blessing of the Chinese government.
"Our objective is to reach the people who have never had an opportunity to recognize Christ as their savior," said Pastor Glen Lambert of the First Assembly Ministries in Fort Myers. "It's very special, because they are a closed country. But they are allowing us to build churches that are registered."
Experts describe the effort by Florida churches as a highly unusual and potentially risky gambit. In effect, the Assembly of God congregations are bringing into the open missionary activities that used to be practiced covertly, in hopes of creating a reality on the ground that will be safe from harassment.
"The government swings back and forth between discouraging or forbidding such things and permitting them," said Daniel Bays, a professor of missionary history at Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Mich., in the summer. "So these people might have a perfectly good trip, or they might be surprised by some more restrictions that weren't announced in advance."
Since early 2005, observers say the Chinese government has pursued a two-track policy on religion, providing new freedom for officially recognized Protestant, Catholic, Muslim, Taoist and Buddhist congregations to practice their faith, but disrupting and imprisoning members of underground "house churches."
The new regulations, which took effect March 2005, allow registered churches in China to worship openly, publish literature, train clerics and accept donations, says the U.S. State Department's annual human rights report.
But in practice, the Chinese government has continued to prevent "foreign infiltration" and arrest Christians and members of other groups who practice outside that legal framework, the report said.
"God is protecting me"
As the Hensels prepared to depart in August, it wasn't at all clear whether their church-building plans would succeed.
Eighteen-year-old Christa, a recent graduate of Springstead High School, said she wasn't worried.
"God is protecting me," she said. "We're not going to be thrown in jail."
As it turned out, her biggest challenge during the 10-day trip was a stomach virus.
The group journeyed 30 hours from Florida to the province of Wuhan, where local government officials barred them from staying in the rural village with their Chinese Christian hosts. So they stayed at a Holiday Inn.
That was the only overt government interference the group detected, Hensel said.
The visiting missionaries took part in laying bricks for one church building, and visited three other buildings under construction in the Wuhan area. Similar Pentecostal projects are under way in at least three other regions of China, Hensel said.
Their hosts even insisted that Hensel preach to a local congregation, and after receiving assurances that wouldn't pose legal problems, he did so.
"As a foreigner, I had the liberty to give someone a Bible, because it was a gift," Hensel said. "But to stand out on the street corner and just distribute Bibles, that would have been problematic."
Restrictions placed on Chinese Christians are far stricter, he said, and the group had no contact with members of illegal "house churches."
"From what I understand, as long as the Chinese are within a (registered) church building, they are free to worship and sing and pray," Hensel said. "The problem is when they step out of that building."
Proselytizing, either by Chinese or foreign Christians, is strictly prohibited.
"I did get the impression that whenever they were singing in church, they were singing very loudly so others in the village would see them and see what they were up to," Hensel said with a grin.
But experts say China's new regulations on religious practice are applied unevenly, and could change.
"Chinese officials claim the new regulations safeguard religious freedom through the rule of law, but the intentional vagueness of the regulations allows for continued repression of disfavored individuals or groups," wrote Brad Adams, Asia director of Human Rights Watch, based in New York, in a report on China.
Hard to predict limits
Bays, who directs Calvin College's study-abroad program in Beijing, said China's volatile political climate makes it difficult to predict how laws will be interpreted in the future.
"The government has backed off its earlier absolute prohibition on churches receiving any foreign help," said Bays, author of Christianity in China: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present. "And individual churches can take contributions, if they're aboveboard and don't have any strings.
"But it's a very murky area," he added. "And there is a fine line - there's not supposed to be any foreign influence over what goes on in a Chinese church. To be a friend of China and help a worthy Chinese organization like a registered church is viewed as okay by the government. That's one thing. But to have any influence in that church, to influence the direction of its development or its pastors or leaders, isn't good, it's prohibited."
But Hensel said the Florida churches have perceived no such roadblocks, and plan to continue supporting the new Chinese congregations with both money and training for pastors.